Nurses as the majority of the health care workforce help in the health systems strengthening. Nurses’ involvement in health policy making is clear; however, still few are involved in policy-making processes, even in the clinical context. The aim of the present systematic review was to identify factors influencing nurses participation in the health policy-making process.
The present systematic review was designed on studies conducted between 2000 and 2019. Four online databases including PubMed, EMBASE, SCOPUS and Science Direct were searched using comprehensive terms. Study selection, quality assessment, data extraction, and data analysis were independently done by two reviewers. Inclusion criteria included published studies in English language and between 2000 to 2019, participants such as nurses and the healthcare managers, mentioned influential factors, types of participants were included nurses and the healthcare managers, study designs and methods clearly defined. The methodological quality of included article was appraised using the checklists of CASP and MMAT. Finally the data were analyzed using content analysis.
After quality assessment, 11 studies, according to inclusion criteria, were retrieved. Nine studies had a good, 2 a medium, and non-articles was poor methodological quality. Three main themes include nursing-related factors (4 sub- themes), management and organizational factors (8 sub-themes) and creating a positive work environment (3 sub-themes) identified as affecting factors on nurses participation in health policy.
Nurses can utilize this finding to develop empowering programs to play efficient roles and increase their participation in health policy making. Also, the extracted factors in this review can place nurses in suitable position and make them potential agents in changing the ways of policy-making. Further studies are required to survey the relation between these factors and nursing participation in health policy making.
In rapidly changing and developing health systems, nurses comprise the major group of health care personnel who are mainly responsible for providing people with qualitative care [1]. The political, environmental, technological and financial pressures in healthcare systems affect all practical settings. These changes can make opportunities for all personnel, especially nursing staff to enhance their position and role in healthcare policies and management [2,3,4].
According to the definition by World Health Organization (WHO), health policies refers to decisions, plans, and actions undertaken to achieve specific health care goals within a society [5]. Also WHO emphasized that health policy and practice require actions form multi-sectors, and decisions that are made in these sectors must be responsive and sensitive to the concern of health [6]. The ultimate goal of health policies is to promote public welfare. It consists of three stages: formulation, policy implementation and policy reformation [7, 8]. Health policy is a tool which nurses must utilize to improve the safety and quality of healthcare [9].
When elaborating on health policies, there must be a motivation for nurses to participate in health policy-making processes. For example, nurses can have influence through their experiences on policies, laws, and regulations that govern the healthcare system [10, 11]. Nursing Staff are encouraged to participate in health policy for three reasons. First, nurses closely deal with patients and their families in a variety of settings; therefore, their comments can be considered as valuable sources for policy development. Second, different health policies have direct effects on nurses. Thus, policies should ensure a supportive work setting. Third, nurses play key role in professional development and can highly contributed to the formation of appropriate and efficient health policies [12, 13].
The International Council of Nurses (ICN) strongly emphasizes and supports those efforts in improving nurses’ readiness in developing policies [12]. Previously, the ICN has tried to address topics such how health policy is made, different approaches to making policy and how nurses and professional organization can influence policy [14]. Also, in issues of nursing such as health policy, the global Nursing Now campaign is working with the ICN, and the WHO, to create and strengthen strategic nursing leadership, as modelled by the International Council of Nurses’ Global Nursing Leadership Institute [15]. Different factors affect nurses’ ability to be active in health policy development including gaining experience in policy development process, gaining knowledge on health systems, policy research and developing leadership skills [1, 16]. In recent decades, despite the fact that nurses have become increasingly knowledgeable, skilled, and well-educated, they have had limited involvement in policy making processes and political decisions,affecting the delivery of health services [13, 15]. Also, nurses’ ongoing work in the COVID-19 pandemic is making nursing history and there are significant opportunities to learn from this pandemic, to find better ways of doing things in practice, and contributing to policy-making through evidence-based research and empowerment strategies [17].
A study conducted in Thailand showed that most nurses are involved only in the implementation of health policies while it is essential issue that they must gain perception over the issue and actively participate in it [1]. Abu-Al-Rub & Foudeh conducted a study to evaluate the level of involvement of Jordanian nurses in the development of health policy and perceived benefits, barriers, and impacts on health outcomes of involvement in health policy process. Their results indicated that the low level of Jordanian nurses’ involvement in health policy can be attributed to the fact that most participants, beside their roles in workplace, had family roles making them to allocate little time for health policies activities. Lack of mentoring by nursing leaders could also negatively affect their involvement in health policies development [5]. In study by Shariff & Potgiete it was demonstrated that facilitators of health policy development comprise having knowledge and skills, enhancing the image of nursing and enabling structures and processes. Also, barriers to the participation of nursing leaders include the lack of involvement, insufficient knowledge and skills, negative image about nursing, lack of dynamic structures and insufficient resources [18].
Nurses’ participation in national policy making processes is significantly important in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) where nurses comprise larger proportion of the health sector workforce. Thus, there is a need to enhance their ability in understanding, generating, and utilizing research knowledge that is beneficial for making changes in policy [16, 19, 20]. Several studies have emphasized that contemporary nurses influence health policies. The purpose of this systematic review was to designing a framework for nursing participation in health policy making. So, the research question were developed by authors was as follows:
The present systematic review was designed and conducted in a time span of 5th to 10th of July, 2019. We searched using a modified form [21] of the SPIDER tool developed by Cook and colleagues (Table 1). The SPIDER tool used to identify relevant qualitative and mixed-method studies. Also, the addition of the “design” and “research type” categories to the SPIDER tool was intended to further increase the ability of this tool to identify qualitative articles [22].
Eleven studies were included from 18 countries: Kenya (n = 4), USA (n = 2), Iran (n = 2), South Africa (n = 2), Uganda (n = 2), Canada (n = 1), UK (n = 1), Thailand (n = 1), Tanzania (n = 1), Jamaica (n = 1) and Barbados (n = 1) and they were published from 2001 to 2017 in different journals. Summary of the characteristic of included studies are depicted in Table 3. Content analysis was conducted for each three main themes and was categorized into 15 sub-themes. The results of content analysis are presented in Table 4. This Table also shows the frequency of extracted factors.
Table 3 Summary characteristic of included studies Table 4 Themes and sub-themes of factors affecting nurses participate in health policy makingAll 11 studies were classified to have poor, medium or good in quality. After quality assessment, nine studies (81.82%) had good quality, two (18.18%) had medium quality. Also the quality level of non-articles was poor.
In this systematic review we have tried to identify factors affecting nurses participation in health policy making. The effective factors are developing and changing over time. The total of 11 included studies published from 2000 to 2019 indicates these common factors. Most of the studies were homogenous in terms of purpose and data collection methods. It is not precisely clear why nurses do not become involved in health policy making, according to our there is consensus over several factors. These factors include sources limitations, insufficient time, political knowledge, heavy workloads, and gender issues, negative images about nurses, management supports, and fear to encounter with others’ beliefs that negatively affect nurses’ involvement in policy making making.
The findings of present review revealed that insufficient knowledge on the health policy making is one of the important reasons of nurses’ non-involvement in health policy making making. The findings also indicated that insufficient knowledge and skills on evaluation of policy and insufficient knowledge on the health policy formulation guidelines are barriers to the nurses’ participation in health policy making [13, 18].
Lack of resources was most frequently mentioned factor in studies. Lack of available resources was identified as a factor for the participation of nursing leaders in health policy making [5, 18]. According to our findings, gaining external support was mentioned as one of the sub-themes for creating a positive work environment. Lack of support on behalf of different sectors such as the political sector, government officials, or professional organizations were obstacles in low involvement of nurses in policy making [1].
Based on the results of our review, education and research system, as a nursing-related sub-theme could affect nurses’ participation. Researches in, PhD curriculum in nursing and training were regarded as the facilitators of nurses’ involvement in policy making processes in LMICs [26, 27]. Parallel to our study, the study of O’connor [28] showed that education and research are necessary to develop nursing workforces’ participation. Also, the finding of a study supported that active learning increases retention and utilization by faculty at schools of nursing in the area of health policy among nurses [29]. Preparing nursing students to particpate in health policy is critical to ensuring the nursing workforce can effect the plans, structure and financing of health care. The findings of study in USA nursing students reported high levels of involvement in some health policy activities and provide insight into how nursing educators and administrators can capitalize on students’ experiences and interests to better prepare nurses in health policy [30].
Most of the factors that affect nurses’ participation are related to management and organizational factors, to which the included studies point to their importance [13, 16]. Supportive organizational structure is a prerequisite for the establishment of policy making activities.
Establishing communication networks was identified as one of the factors affecting nurses’ participation in the policy making processes [16]. This network largely focuses on interacting with internal organizational members and interested external publics. Leadership styles are categorized as one of the sub-themes of management and organizational factors [1]. This factor is dependent on the organizational structure according to the framework presented. Based on the findings, health policy outcomes and impacts are considered as a supportive system for establishing organizational structure. Many studies have mentioned the importance of this factor in increasing the nurses’ participation [31].
This study provide valuable results for decision makers and policymakers to engage nurses in their affaires. Understandings factors that affect nurses’ participation in health policy making can offer insight about strategies to strengthen nurses’ role in health policy.
Nurses’ inadequate participation in policy-making processes is going to continue in the future and in many countries. Nurses need to understand the importance of empowerment and participation in the policy-making process. This review identified key factors that will help nurses to have an active and productive participation. Also, it leads to long-term benefits in workplaces. Despite progressions in in nurses’ skills and knowledge, there is a gap in the active involvement of nurses in health policy-making processes. Identifying the barriers and facilitators can help nurses to play an effective role in formulation, implementation and reformation of health policies. These include creating a context for nurses to communicate with policymakers, reducing the burden of their workload and using appropriate leadership approaches which all can help nurses in this regard. Also, the extracted factors can be applied in the development of educational programs on improving nurses’ knowledge and skills.
Based on our findings, the researchers recommend that nursing managers and professors should focus on the empowerment and reinforcement of nurses in all fields such as clinical, educational, and skill and communication. Future studies need to examine the relation between effective factors and nurses’ participation in policy making which can identify the needs and the fields of improvement. In order to enhance nurses’ participation in health policy-making processes, leadership and political competence are suggested. Also the future studies should investigate the impact of the factors extracted from the studies on nursing roles.
Lack of fluency in other languages to use the results of non-English language studies was one of the most important limitations. Another limitation was inaccessibility to some other databases such as CINAH and Web of Science. Also, we had no access to unpublished dissertations and full-text of some articles.
In the health care providing systems, due to the fact that different health policies can directly affect the role of nurses, thus, they need to have more participation in health policy making. Nurses’ failure to involve in policy making has led to be a concern of WHO and ICN. Increasing the capability of nurses to participate in policy-making activities is an important aspect of constant promotion of health services. The level nurses’ engagement in policy-making processes can be enhanced by having more focus on the improving of health policy education and competency as facilitator, as well as by overcoming the barriers such insufficient resources and skills. In this review we identified those affecting factors that support nurses’ participation in policy making by elaborating on the ways of increasing their policy-making activities. Findings of this study and developed framework can be efficient in empowering nurses to create active role and better’s future through the development of policy-making activities. Also, the extracted factors in this review, and even more, can place nurses in suitable position and make them potential agents in changing the ways of policy-making.
Datasets are available through the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
